Immigration Law · Citizenship
U.S. Citizenship Through Naturalization: The Basics
An overview of common naturalization requirements, continuous residence, physical presence, Form N-400, the interview, and the oath ceremony.
The common five-year path
A common basis for naturalization is having been a lawful permanent resident for at least five years. USCIS generally requires an applicant using this path to be at least 18 when filing Form N-400 and to satisfy continuous residence, physical presence, state or district residence, good moral character, English, civics, constitutional attachment, and oath requirements.
Other eligibility paths and exceptions exist, including rules affecting certain spouses of U.S. citizens and military applicants. The five-year framework does not describe every case.
Residence and physical presence are different
For the general five-year path, USCIS instructions describe a physical presence requirement of at least 30 months during the five years before filing. Continuous residence concerns maintaining residence in the United States during the required period.
Long or frequent trips can affect one or both requirements. Applicants should assemble a complete travel history and review extended absences before filing.
Application and interview
Applicants submit Form N-400 with the required evidence and fee or an approved fee request, attend biometrics when required, and appear for an interview. A USCIS officer reviews the application and asks questions about the applicant’s background.
Unless an exception or accommodation applies, the process includes English and civics testing. Answers should be accurate and consistent with prior immigration filings.
Decision and oath
USCIS may grant, continue, or deny the application. An approved applicant does not become a U.S. citizen until taking the Oath of Allegiance at a naturalization ceremony.
Criminal history, taxes, travel, prior immigration statements, selective service, or extended absences can raise fact-specific issues. Qualified immigration counsel can evaluate those matters before submission.